A carbonate platform is a sedimentary body which possesses topographic relief, and is composed of autochthonic calcareous deposits. Platform facies article about platform facies by the. Application of the concept to carbonates has not been as straightforward as was originally expected even though the basic tenets of sequence stratigraphy are. Carbonate rocks limestones and dolomites constitute a major part of the geological column and contain not only 60% of the worlds known hydrocarbons but also host extensive mineral deposits. The early and middle devonian carbonate platformtobasin transition, which can be in part characterized using classic carbonate platform models e. Part of the nato asi series book series asic, volume 115. The low energy tidal flat facies, protected platform facies, and high energy openplatform facies are all evidence of carbonate sequence deposition on an epeiric platform tucker 1985. Mobile grainstone shoals and stormrelated islands are common behind the reef tract.
Though reefs and grainstone shoals have been cited as common hydrocarbon exploration targets and so have been more intensively examined, other carbonate facies from both basin andor platform. In this chapter we summarize the facies assemblages, vertical profiles and architecture, and the autocyclic mechanisms that control deposition in the various clastic and chemical sedimentary environments. Facies, facies transitions, depositional models, platform architecture, sequence stratigraphy, and predictiv. Modern carbonate facies of bali applied stratigraphix. Carbonate facies models carbonate sedimentology and. A non waltherian model based on sediment mechanics from. Carbonate aquifers consist of rocks composed mainly of the minerals calcite and dolomite. Facies models, 7 introduction to carbonate facies models. Platform facies article about platform facies by the free. If you are working on such platforms in the permian basin of the us or southeast asia we highly recommend this 1day field course that is offered in conjunction with a 4day classroom course on carbonate reservoirs.
Carbonate reservoirs training course petroskills pcr. A faultblock carbonate platform based on outcrop studies from gulf of suez and seismic sections from the gulf of aden. Carbonate platform facies models, american association of petroleum geologists bulletin, 69, 121. This barcode number lets you verify that youre getting exactly the right version or edition of a book. Seismic facies and hydrocarbon potential of carbonate reservoirs in ramp settings 5 interparticle, intercrystalline, moldic, vug, intraparticle, fracture and fenestral wang, 1997.
Bali, indonesia provides the perfect natural laboratory for studying modern carbonate facies belts along an isolated carbonate platform. Buy a cheap copy of great basin paleozoic carbonate platform. Carbonate shelf and platform sequences are generally composed of numerous carbonate cycles of various scales ranging in thickness from 1 m to tens of meters. The concepts and models developed in this paper for carbonate. The apulia carbonate platform in apulia, italy was a major palaeogeographic element of the southern margin of the mesozoic tethys ocean. Depositional models for carbonate rocks springerlink. Ramps may be homoclinal or distally steepened, and may have fringing or b. Triassic muschelkalk carbonate platforms of eastern spain. Chapter iii offers an outline of carbonate petrography, concentrating on lithologic descrip tion for the purposes of environmental interpretation. Each of these cycles, or parasequences, starts with a distinct deepening event and exhibits a shallowing to shoalingupward tendency. The vertical sequence of deposits found in modern sand shoals often records progressively shallower water deposition because these shallowwater sites provide optimum conditions for carbonate production. This volume also discusses the computer modelling of carbonate cycles and. A seaward zone below normal wave base a zone where wave energy interacts with sediment a landward lowenergy zone depositional slope, geologic age, water energy, and climate control the basic facies pattern.
It is one of the socalled periadriatic platforms, which are comparable to the bahama banks in their carbonate facies, shape, size, and subsidence rate and, also, in the internal architecture. Sequence stratigraphic models including the ramp, the rimmed shelf, the escarpment margin, the isolated platform, and the mixed carbonatesiliciclastic shelf. Published by the american geophysical union as part of the field trip guidebooks series, volume 374. The focus is on limestones and dolostones and the sediments from which they are derived. Oclcs webjunction has pulled together information and resources to assist library staff as they consider how to handle coronavirus. Debris flow carbonate rock tidal flat carbonate platform depositional model. The landward end of belt 2 is normally dominated by skeletal carbonate, the highenergy sand belt in the littoral zone may be skeletal or oolitic. The carbonate platform model and reservoirs origins of. Prediction of facies distribution in prograding clastic shelf sequences. Biostratigraphy, depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of late cretaceous clasticevaporitecarbonate deposits, east of central iran, bajestan. Facies belts are analogous to the t factory platforms. Comparing sgsgenerated models with faciesbased multiplepoint statistics mpsfacies distribution models fdm highlights the importance of incorporating facies into models. Facies models 4 is the essential volume on sedimentary succession interpretation, and is presented in full colour.
Carbonate platform facies models journal article osti. Reliable information about the coronavirus covid19 is available from the world health organization current situation, international travel. Carbonate systems sequence stratigraphy emery wiley. Facies associations and evolution of pelagic carbonate platformbasin systems. Carbonate platform an overview sciencedirect topics. This volume also discusses the computer modelling of carbonate cycles and sequence analysis. This book is destined to become a wellworn reference volume that sits easily within reach of every geologist, geophysicist, and engineer involved in. One and twodimensional computer models of carbonate sequences help define the amplitudes and periods of 20,000 years to 1 m. Therefore, carbonate platforms can not grow up everywhere. Recent advances in seismic acquisition, processing and visualization techniques image carbonate strata with unprecedented resolution. College of geosciences, china university of petroleum, beijing 102249. The goal of this field excursion is to contrast the depositional environments and sedimentary facies of two carbonate platform settings. Platform growth is mediated by sessile organisms whose skeletons build up the reef or by organisms usually microbes which induce carbonate precipitation through their metabolism.
Geological survey openfile report 20041078 field trip guidebookmetallogeny of the great basin project, august 1722, 2003 great basin paleozoic carbonate platform. Great bahama bank gbb stands behind many of the models used to illustrate depositional facies variation across flattopped, isolated carbonate platforms. Carbonate facies in geologic history springer study. The early and middle devonian carbonate platform tobasin transition, which can be in part characterized using classic carbonate platform models e. Subsurface facies prediction in carbonate platform strata predictions usually require some knowledge of location on the platform and the likely distribution of facies from known tie points relatively easy to do on a steepmargined flattop platform because platform margin is often clear and can be used as a tie point for predictive models. This is an updated new edition of the original highly popular textbook facies models, and incorporates the enormous advances in our understanding of depositional environments since the last edition was issued in 1992. How we measure reads a read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of. Ramps may be homoclinal or distally steepened, and may have fringing or barrier shoalwater complexes of ooidpellet sands or skeletal banks. Such models have long served as subsurface analogs at a variety of scales. This textbook provides an overview of the origin and preservation of carbonate sedimentary rocks. The carbonate platform model and reservoirs origins of the. Seismic imaging of carbonate reservoirs and systems, volume. These faciesbased models provide a template to test which carbonate characteristics have the greatest impact on subsurface flow.
Relationship of stratigraphic patterns to changes in subsidence rates. Though reefs and grainstone shoals have been cited as common hydrocarbon exploration targets and so have been more intensively examined, other carbonate facies from both basin andor. As such, gbb stands behind much of our understanding of modern processes and products of carbonate sedimentation. Carbonate platform fades models fred 1989 short courses.
Facies, facies transitions, depositional models, platform architecture, sequence stratigraphy, and predictiv rated 0. Carbonate environments and sequences of caicos platform. Updip and landward the sigmoid is represented by a horizontal lagoonal bed that basinward passes in sigmoidal bedded. Carbonate minerals are generally much more chemically reactive under near surface geochemical conditions and thus undergo a much greater degree of chemical and physical alteration diagenesis than siliciclastic deposits. Facies, facies transitions, depositional models, platform architecture, sequence stratigraphy, and predictive mineral host models. Transactions, gulf coast association of geological societies, vol. Seismic imaging of carbonate reservoirs and systems. In the unda environment of carbonate platforms, two parameters control the further subdivision of depositional environment and facies the degree of protection from waves and currents, and the degree of restriction in the exchange of water with the open sea. The interior shelf or lagoon facies figure 2 located landward of the shelf edge normally contains a high percentage of mud. Application of the concept to carbonates has not been as straightforward as was originally expected even. Numerous and frequentlyupdated resource results are available from this search.
The geological models derived from studies on gbb are commonly used to illustrate depositional facies variations and frequently serve as reservoir analogs. Carbonate sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy, pp. The basic reefal accretional unit of the miocene reef complex of mallorca is the sigmoid. This is bounded by clear erosion surfaces the product of sea level lowering and erosion with a matching correlative surface downdip but has no obvious marine flooding surfaces. Efficiency of the carbonate factory and its impact on patterns of carbonate sedimentation. Summary the varied depositional settings in which carbonate accumulate have become better known largely through the exploration for more hydrocarbon reserves and their exploitation in the last 35 years. Evaluating waterdepth variation and mapping depositional. Carbonate facies in geologic history springer study edition 1st ed. Seismic modeling of a carbonate platform margin montagna della maiella, italy. The apulia platform, which is part of the stable and relatively. A recurring theme in each of these case studies is the importance of integrating seismic and petrophysical control with geologic models to better predict carbonate facies quality and distribution. Ramps may be homoclinal or distally steepened, and may have fringing or barrier shoalwater complexes of ooidpellet sands or. The late bedoulian san esteban carbonate platform was karstified.
Carbonate facies models correspond to different cat egories and. An understanding of how the subtidal carbonate factory responds to relative sealevel changes and the role played by other environmental factors towards influencing the formation of carbonate platforms allows one to differentiate platform types and it helps establish a basis for constructing depositional sequence and systems tract models. Both parameters are related to a third characteristic of the system the elevation and continuity of the platform rim. Carbonate facies models and diagenesis springerlink. In general, carbonate facies develop on gently sloping shelves that can be divided into three main zones. Various types of carbonate platforms are characterized by distinctive profiles, facies, and evolutionary sequences. Carbonate facies in geologic history springer study edition. Carbonate platform facies development of the turonian wata formation in central. Development of an exploration concept for the shuaiba formation using seismic sequence and facies analysis with forward modeling 17. It should be emphasized that, as has been shown by fischer 1964, pomar and ward 1999, goldhammer, et al, 1990, and dargenio et al 1997 that though shallow cycle s of carbonate are composed of a relatively conformable succession of genetically related beds or bedset s these cycle s are often truncated and incomplete so that maximum flooding and trangressive surfaces can be missing. The relatively few models presented appear to accommodate most geological examples, some of which contain major reservoir facies. Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of reefs and. The difference is that the facies tracts are compressed onto a carbonate shelf of limited areal extent with high relief above the seafloor and with steeply sloping sides. Carbonate platforms contains contributions from an international authorship and the volume has been edited by one of the most respected names in the earth sciences.
Unique biological control over the texture and fabric of carbonate sediments. Facies and sequence stratigraphic models for carbonate platforms developing in rift and rift to drift settings. Principles, tools and comcepts terrigenous clasitic facies models carbonate and evaporite facies models. This volume documents the current state of the art in seismic imaging and interpreting of carbonate systems and captures the dynamics of the carbonate system on a large exploration scale and on a small reservoir scale. The shelf margin facies tract is narrow, marked by shallow water, highenergy conditions with framework reefs, including barrier, fringing, and patch reefs. Velocities vp and vs versus porosity in 173 gassaturated carbonate core samples. The approach is general and universal and draws heavily on fundamental discoveries, arresting interpretations, and keystone syntheses that have been developed over the last five decades. Biostratigraphy, depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of late cretaceous clasticevaporite carbonate deposits, east of central iran, bajestan. These sediments, transported from shallow platform and upper slope, may include reef debris, oolites, lime mud or broken limestone blocks. The standard carbonate facies seem to capture trends dictated by other parameters such as the carbonate growth function, i. Introduction to carbonate and evaporite facies models n. The various types of platforms change in response to variations in sedimentation, subsidence or sea level rise, and may form distinctive evolutionary sequences. Summary various types of carbonate platforms are characterized by distinctive profiles, facies, and evolutionary sequences.
Read, 1982, was characterized by several morphologies including homoclinal ramps, distally steepened ramps, rimmed platform margins with intrashelf basins, and rimmed platform. Carbonate platforms wiley online books wiley online library. Seismic facies and hydrocarbon potential of carbonate. Facies models goodreads meet your next favorite book. Importance of faciesbased earth models for understanding. Note dipslope ramp and footwall rimmed shelf and wedgeshaped depositional sequences.
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